Similarly, in discussions about poverty, crime, and drugs, the terms inner-city and urban became convenient euphemisms for Black -a way to avoid implying causality between race and life circumstance. By the end of the 20th century, inner-city urban life was associated with African Americans of low socioeconomic status. In response, the government built housing projects for low-income residents, but this further concentrated poverty in isolated neighborhoods (ghettos that became popularly known as 'hoods ). Meanwhile, urban life, especially in the inner city, became increasingly associated with poverty and decay. Discrimination over the years kept suburbia largely white and wealthy, enjoying well-funded school districts and other amenities. Many white families abandoned inner-city neighborhoods, relocating themselves and their assets to suburban communities. In the 1950s, courts outlawed segregation and mandated the racial integration of schools, resulting in decades of white flight. This migration north transformed the historically rural Black American experience into an urban one. In the early 20th century, factories in northern cities recruited large numbers of African Americans from southern states. This has given rise to a coded language in which the terms urban and suburban have distinct racial connotations. In the United States, racial identities have historically been interwoven with disparate economic and geographical experiences.
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